Wednesday, May 12, 2010

Minerals Group

This is contain about minerals group.
1.Olivine Group
(A2+)2SiO4
Olivine End-Members
• Forsterite Mg2SiO4
• Fayalite Fe2SiO4
• Tephroite Mn2SiO4
• Liebenbergite Ni2SiO4
• Co-olivine Co2SiO4
• Ca-olivine Ca2SiO4
• Monticellite CaMgSiO4
• Kirschsteinite CaFeSiO4
• Glaucochroite CaMnSiO4
2
Olivine Occurrences
• Forsterite - Fayalite
– Fo90 Olivine is major mineral of upper mantle
– Minor phase in basalt and gabbro
– Fayalite is secondary in silicic volcanics
• Monticellite accessory in mantle nudules
• Tephroite and glaucochroite
– silicic volcanics and Mn skarns
• Liebenbergite secondary in Ni deposits
Olivine Nodules, San Carlos
3
Gabbro, Skaergaard
Olivine in Gabbro
4
Olivine Structure
Olivine Structure
• Orthorhombic Pbnm
• a = 4.7 - 5.1Å
• b = 10.1 - 11.2Å
• c = 5.9 - 7.8Å
• Z = 4
Olivine Structure
• M1
– Pt sym = -1 @ (0, 0, 0)
• M2
– Pt symm = m @ ( x, y, 1/4)
• Si
– Pt symm = m @ ( x, y, 1/4)
• O1, O2
– Pt symm = m @ ( x, y, 1/4)
• O3
– Pt symm = 1 @ ( x, y, z)
5
Olivine M1
• M1 is at origin
• Smaller M site
• More distorted in angles
• Less distorted in distances
• Mg, Fe olivines are disordered
• Ni prefers M1
Olivine M2
• On mirror at (x, y, 1/4)
• Larger M site
• Less distorted in angles
• More distorted in distances
• Mg, Fe olivines are disordered
• Ca, Mn prefer M2
Olivine Chemistry
• Mantle olivines are Fo94 - Fo86
• Minor elements are divalent
cations and H
– Ni (M1) up to 0.1 wt % NiO
– Mn (M2) up to 0.1 wt% MnO
– Ca (M2) up to 0.1 wt% CaO
• Very low in mono- and tri-valent
cations
• Minor P in meteoritic Olivine
6
Olivine Stability
a
b g
End-Member Forsterite Fayalite Liebenbergite Monticellite Glaucochroite Chrysoberyl
Formula Mg2SiO4 Fe2SiO4 Ni2SiO4 CaMg0.93Fe0.07SiO4 Ca0.98Mn0.87Mg0.10SiO4 Al2BeO4
Sample Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Natural Natural Natural
Trange 23-1600ºC 20-900ºC 25-900ºC 25-795ºC 25-800ºC 25-690ºC
Unit cell
aV(x10-5 K-1) 4.36 3.19 3.44 2.97 3.17 2.39
aa(x10-5 K-1) 1.12 0.99 1.19 1.01 1.05 0.74
ab (x 10-5 K-1) 1.67 0.95 1.11 0.99 1.00 0.85
ac(x10-5 K-1) 1.46 1.19 1.12 1.13 1.09 0.83
PolyhedralVolumes (x 10-5 K-1)
M1 4.32 2.88 4.19 4.68 4.55 2.25
M2 5.07 4.51 3.68 3.62 4.01 3.89
T 0 -1.17 0.36 -1.23 -2.13 2.57
NPV 4.40 3.37 3.33 3.20 2.81 1.99
Reference Takeuchi et al.
(1984)
Smyth(1975) Lager& Meagher
(1978)
Lager& Meagher
(1978)
Lager& Meagher
(1978)
HazenandFinger
(1987)
Olivine Thermal Expansion
End-member Forsterite Forsterite Fayalite Fayalite Monticellite Chrysoberyl
Formula Mg2 SiO4 Mg2 SiO4 Fe2 SiO4 Fe1..94Mn 0.11Mg 0.04SiO4 Ca0.99 Mg0.91 Fe0.09 SiO4 Al2BeO4 LiScSiO4
Sample Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Natural Natural Natural synthetic
Pmax (GPa) 5.0 14.9 4.2 14.0 6.2 6.25 5.6
KT0 (GPa) 132 123 113 132 113 242 118
K’ 4.0 (fixed) 4.3 4 (fixed) 4 (fixed) 4 (fixed) 4 (fixed) 4 (fixed)
Axial Compressions (10-3 GPa-1)
ba 1.6 1.5 0.8 1.2 1.96 1.09 2.70
bb 4.3 2.8 5.8 4.0 3.62 1.47 2.80
bc 0.8 2.7 1.4 1.3 2.05 1.32 2.61
Site bulk moduli (GPa)
M1 120 140 130 150 180 84
M2 100 130 130 110 300 204
Si >550 190 >500 >400 >300 300 315
Reference Hazen (1976) Kudoh &
Takeuchi (1985)
Hazen (1977) Kudoh & Takeda (1986) Sharp et al. (1987) Hazen (1987) Hazen et al.
(1996)
Olivine Compression
7
Hydration of Olivine
• Unit Cell parameters and complete crystal
structure refinements. (Hydrous olivine
composition)
– Fo 100: Pure Synthetic Forsterite
– SC: San Carlos olivine (Fo91)
– CS San Carlos + H2O 1 GPa @ 1100º
– SS0001: 12 GPa @ 1200 ºC (Wadsleyite +
Olivine)
– SS0003: 12 GPa @ 1400 ºC (Olivine only)
– SS0004: 12 GPa @ 1600 ºC (Olivine only)
Cell Volume vs Fo#
290
290.5
291
291.5
292
292.5
90 92 94 96 98 100
Fo#
Unit Cell Volume (Å^3)
SC
CS SS0004
SS0003
SS0001
Fo100
M2 Vol vs Mg Occupancy
12.43
12.44
12.45
12.46
12.47
12.48
12.49
12.5
12.51
12.52
90 92 94 96 98 100
Fo #
M2 Volume (Å^3)
SC
CS
SS0004
SS0003
SS0001
Fo100

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